continued from History of Public Health(part 5)
BACTERIOLOGY
With the discoveries of pathogenic bacteria by Louis Pasteur in France and Robert Koch in Germany in the late 1870s and early 1880s, the science of microbiology was born. Consequent developments in immunology and parasitology provided epidemiologists and other public health workers with the tools to study and understand epidemic phenomena. Sanitation could become sciencebased and the development of vaccines promised the prevention of many infectious diseases. A new era of rational public health was established.
COLONIALISM AND PUBLIC HEALTH
From the sixteenth through the nineteenth century, European countries had competitively colonized most of the tropical world. The contagious diseases they brought with them frequently ravaged indigenous populations. Conversely, the prevalent diseases of colonized areas threatened the invaders. Colonial sanitation and medical care was originally designed to serve the interests of the colonists. However, after the establishment of biomedical science, there was enhanced incentive to control the major tropical diseases that were interfering with the economic development of the colonies (e.g., malaria and yellow fever). In India, in 1897, Ronald Ross identified the mosquito vector of malaria, leading to the partial control of the world's most prevalent endemic disease and vastly increasing the agricultural output and, incidentally, the population of the subcontinent. In Cuba, in 1900, Walter Reed and his colleagues identified the mosquito vector of yellow fever. Subsequently, William C. Gorgas, by extensive application of larvicide, eradicated the disease from Cuba and controlled it, along with malaria, in Panama. This action permitted the construction of the canal that had previously been abandoned because of the devastating impact of these diseases.
When these colonies gained independence, mostly during the twentieth century, much of the public health infrastructures put in place by the colonial powers were transferred intact to the new nations. The ability to effectively utilize these resources has varied considerably, contributing to the development of international public health organizations.
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